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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 110(6): 760-770, Sept. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-763087

ABSTRACT

Here we present the first in a series of articles about the ecology of immature stages of anophelines in the Brazilian Yanomami area. We propose a new larval habitat classification and a new larval sampling methodology. We also report some preliminary results illustrating the applicability of the methodology based on data collected in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest in a longitudinal study of two remote Yanomami communities, Parafuri and Toototobi. In these areas, we mapped and classified 112 natural breeding habitats located in low-order river systems based on their association with river flood pulses, seasonality and exposure to sun. Our classification rendered seven types of larval habitats: lakes associated with the river, which are subdivided into oxbow lakes and nonoxbow lakes, flooded areas associated with the river, flooded areas not associated with the river, rainfall pools, small forest streams, medium forest streams and rivers. The methodology for larval sampling was based on the accurate quantification of the effective breeding area, taking into account the area of the perimeter and subtypes of microenvironments present per larval habitat type using a laser range finder and a small portable inflatable boat. The new classification and new sampling methodology proposed herein may be useful in vector control programs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anopheles/physiology , Disease Vectors , Entomology/methods , Indians, South American , Mosquito Control/trends , Rainforest , Brazil , Ecosystem , Lakes , Larva , Longitudinal Studies , Reproduction , Rivers , Seasons , Sunlight
2.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2015. xii,199 p. ilus, tab, graf, mapas.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-774233

ABSTRACT

A malária se constitui numa das principais endemias em populações indígenas na Amazônia. Porém, fatores modeladores da dinâmica da transmissão são ainda pouco entendidos, tais como os determinantes da sua heterogeneidade espacial e da ocorrência de surtos sazonais de elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade. Neste estudo, buscamos determinar a fauna, aspectos ecológicos e taxa de infecção plasmodial de anofelinos em três áreas indígenas Yanomami (Parafuri, Toototobi e Marari). Considerando as trêsáreas, as espécies mais abundantes foram An. oswaldoi s.l. e An. darlingi, quejuntas corresponderam a 59,5 por cento dos 6.333 anofelinos adultos capturados. NoToototobi, as espécies mais frequentes foram An. oswaldoi s.l. (47,3 por cento) e An.intermedius (31,8 por cento), em Parafuri foram An. oswaldoi s.l. (48,7 por cento) e An. darlingi(42,5 por cento) e, em Marari An. nuneztovari s.l. (54,9 por cento) e An. darlingi (21,6 por cento). [...] Foram processados 2.014 e 461 anofelinos para a detecção de esporozoítos dentre os coletados nos Polo Base Marari e Toototobi,respectivamente. Sete An. darlingi foram positivos para P. vivax, com taxas deinfecção de 1,63 por cento, 1,52 por cento e 2,02 por cento nas comunidades de Alapusi, Gasolina e Taibrapa, respectivamente. As taxas de inoculação entomológica correspondentes nestas comunidades foram de 65,4, 58,6 e 48,3 picadas infetantes por pessoa por ano no peridomicílio. Identificamos 160 criadouros,sendo 54 em Toototobi, 53 em Parafuri e 53 em Marari e propusemos umanova classificação de criadouros naturais em oito tipos, baseada principalmente na associação com os pulsos de inundação, sazonalidade e grau de exposição ao sol...


Malaria is a major endemic disease in indigenous populations in theAmazon. However, modulating factors of the transmission dynamics are poorlyunderstood, such as the determinants influencing its spatial hetereogeneity andthe occurrence of seasonal outbreaks associated with high rates of morbidityand mortality. In the present study, we intend to determine the faunalcomposition, ecological aspects and infection rates of the anophelines occurringin three Yanomami areas (Parafuri, Toototobi and Marari) of Brazil. Wecollected a total of 6,333 adult anophelines and the most abundant species,considering the three areas, were An. oswaldoi s.l. and An. darlingi, whichtogether accounted for 59.5 percent of the total collected. In Toototobi, the mostfrequent species were An. oswaldoi s.l. (47.3 percent) and An. intermedius (31.8 percent), inParafuri were An. oswaldoi s.l. (48.7 percent) and An. darlingi (42.5 percent) and in Marariwere An. nuneztovari s.l. (54.9 percent) and An. darlingi (21.6 percent). [...] A total of 2,014 anophelines from Marari were processed for sporozoites detectionand 461 from Toototobi. We found 7 An. darlingi infected with P. vivax in Marari,with infectivity rates of 1.63 percent, 1.52 percent and 2.02 percent in Alapusi, Gasolina andTaibrapa communities respectively. Based in the peridomiciliary collections, theEntomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) calculated for these communities were65.4, 58.6 and 48.3 infective bites per person per year respectively. Weidentified 160 breeding sites; 54 in Toototobi, 53 in Parafuri and 53 in Marariand we proposed a new larval habitat nomenclature divided in 8 types, basedmainly in the association with river flood pulses, seasonality and degree of sunexposure...


Subject(s)
Humans , Anopheles , Disease Vectors , DNA, Mitochondrial , Indigenous Peoples , Lakes , Malaria/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 54(4): 179-191, July-Aug. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-643948

ABSTRACT

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.


Intervenções humanas como projetos de irrigação e usinas hidrelétricas, tem se transformado em graves problemas de saúde em muitos países, especialmente naqueles localizados nos trópicos. No presente artigo discutimos os efeitos que essas intervenções causam a dinâmica populacional dos anofelinos e nos padrões de transmissão de malaria. Foram revisados estudos feitos nas três principais regiões geográficas dos trópicos e sub-trópicos (África, Ásia e o Pacífico e Américas). Constatamos que os padrões da transmissão da malária antes da introdução dos empreendimentos, as medidas de controle, os movimentos demográficos, os padrões comportamentais das comunidades humanas e a bionomia dos anofelinos locais determinarão se o estabelecimento de campos de irrigação e/ou usinas hidrelétricas podem influenciar negativamente na saúde das pessoas. São apresentados exemplos de medidas de controle bem sucedidas nesses cenários. A utilização de Sistemas de Informação Geográfico tem sido destacada como uma importante ferramenta para subsidiar o estudo e controle da malária em áreas sob impacto ambiental.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anopheles , Environment , Insect Vectors , Malaria/epidemiology , Power Plants , Water Supply , Africa/epidemiology , Americas/epidemiology , Asia/epidemiology , Malaria/transmission , Population Dynamics , Risk Factors
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